The array, however, brings a higher-order complexity to the design procedure especially if it needs to be fed by one point 18, 19. Antenna arrays are topological arrangements of antennas that are distanced and phased in such a way to produce higher gain and/or beam scanning in various directions. One of these steps is impedance matching of the antenna to the feed circuitry 9, 16, 17. To have light weight, low profile and inexpensive antennas which would be efficient, easy to build and easy to integrate with other communication devices, as well as having a desirable bandwidth and gain, important and complicated steps have to be considered in the design procedure. headphones, watches and pagers), military applications, unmanned aerial vehicles and more 9, 16. This type of antennas has much interest especially in wireless communication systems requiring small form factor where it can be applicable in personal communication systems (e.g.
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Metamaterials have different classes: negative index, single index, bandgap 11 and metasurface, the latter of which has wide potential applications, such as absorbers 12, 13, harvesters 14 and detector of microwave radiation 15.Īntennas with dimensions smaller than the wavelength of free space are typically referred to as electrically-small antennas. Metamaterials are often manufactured as a periodic ensemble of conducting elements such as metallic rings and roads or even spherical particles, which collectively act as an effective electromagnetic medium 2, 10 with effective permittivity and permeability. Artificial materials have originated numerous applications for electromagnetic research, including advanced lenses 3, 4, cloaking 5, energy harvesting 6, 7, 8 and material based antennas 9. The hypothesis of a medium that simultaneously have negative permittivity and permeability in a given frequency and the experimental realization of this hypothesis brought great interest to the scientific and engineering communities 1, 2.
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